Folding tent frame



Sept. 6, 1955 T. H. CODERICK 2,716,993

FOLDING TENT FRAME Filed June 2, 1952 6 Sheets-Sheet l THOMQS l-l.CODDCK 9 INVENTOR.

O BY W m p 6, 1955 T. H. CODERICK 2,716,993

FOLDING TENT FRAME Filed June 2, 1952 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 THOMIJS H.CODQ|CK INVENTOR.

DTTORNEH S Sept. 6, 1955 T. H. CODERICK 2,716,993

FOLDING TENT FRAME Filed June 2, 1952 e Sheets-Sheet 4 THOMQS H. CODQICKINVENTOR.

Sept. 6, 1955 T. H. CODERICK 2,716,993

FOLDING TENT FRAME Filed June 2, 1952 v 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 58 moms H.CODQICK INVENTOR.

E6. 18. V W7/ Sept. 6, 1955 T. H. CODERICK 1 FOLDING TENT FRAME FJMdJune 2, 1952 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 THOMQS H CODPICK INVENTOR.

QTTORNEHS United States Patent FOLDING TENT FRAME Thomas H. Codrick,Encino, Calif.

Application June 2, 1952, Serial No. 291,215 10 Claims. (Cl. 1354) Thisinvention relates to a folding or collapsible tent frame.

A primary object of the invention is to provide a tent frame composed ofa plurality of sets of members whereapt to become lost or misplaced. Onarriving at the site where the tent is to be erected the various sets ofmembers may be expanded and the sets mutually connected together in sucha manner as to form a rigid tent frame over which a fabric canopy may bepositioned.

The improved construction is made up of different 1 sets of members someof which may be optionally used to form an arch-type tent frame or anarch-type tent frame having half-dome ends. The portions of the tentframe which form the half-dome ends are capable of being mutuallyassembled together Without an intervening arch-type tent frame and whenso assembled the halfdome end frames mutually cooperate to form adomeshaped tent frame over which a dome-shaped canopy may be positioned.

Another object of the invention is to provide a tent frame in which theelements used to effect a detachable connection between the parts are ofrelatively simple and durable construction and which will enable theelements of the tent frame, when assembled, to be rigidly connectedtogether. The detachable connections are so designed that parts thereofcan be permanently attached to the members of the tent frame on whichthey are mounted so that they likewise are not apt to become lost ormisplaced.

With the foregoing and other objects in view, which will be mademanifest in the following detailed description and specifically pointedout in the appended claims, reference is had to the accompanyingdrawings for an illustrative embodiment of the invention, wherein:

Figure 1 is a view in side elevation of one form of tent which may beerected by means of the construction embodying the present invention,the form illustrated in this figure being that of an arch-type tent;

Fig. 2 is a view in side elevation of another or domeshaped tent thatmay be erected from the members embodying the present invention;

Fig. 3 is a view in side elevation illustrating still a third type oftent that may be erected from the elements of the frame embodying thepresent invention, the form illustrated consisting of an arch-typecenter and halfdome type ends;

Fig. 4 is a top plan view of a portion of a tent frame that has beenerected to form an arch-type tent and illustrating in dotted lines themanner in which sets of members may be collapsed;

Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the tent frame iillustrated in Fig. 4;

2,716,993 Pa nt Sep 6, 1955 Fig. 6 is a perspective view of one of thesets of metre bers that form the improved tent frame in fully collapsedposition; i

Fig. 7 is a perspective view of one of the sets of members in itsexpanded position;

Fig. 8 is a perspective view of one of the half-dome shaped end framesin fully set up position;

Fig. 9 is a perspective view of the lower set .of members used to form ahalf-dome shaped tent frame;

Fig. 10 is a perspective view illustrating the members shown in Fig. 9in fully collapsed position;

Fig. 11 is a top plan view of two half-dome shaped tent frames mutuallyassembled together ,to form a dome-shaped tent;

Fig. 12 is a detail of a typical connection used between the lowermostand intermediate sets of members and between the intermediate .anduppermost sets of members that are used to form an arch-type tent frame.This detail is of the construction indicated within the circle labeled12 on Fig. 4;

Fig. 13 is a sectional View taken substantially upon the line 1313 uponFig. 12;

Fig. 14 is' a detail .of the connection between the end.- most membersof the intermediate and the topmost members and the end members of thearch-type tent frame. This detail is of that portion enclosed Within thecircle 14 shown in Fig. 4;

Fig. 15 is a detail of the connection between the divided portions ofthe end members of the arch-type tent frame and may be regarded astypical of. the connection enclosed within the circle 15 shown in Fig.4; i

Fig. 16 is a view taken substantially upon the line 16-16 upon Fig. '15;

Fig. 17 is a detail of the .connection between opposed topmost sets ofmembers used to form an arch-type tent frame and may be regarded as adetail of what is enclosed within the circle 17 upon Fig. 4; I

Fig. 18 is a sectional view taken substantially upon the line 18-1-8upon Fig. 17;

Fig. 19 is a detail of the construction used Within the circle 19 uponFig. 4;

Fig. 20 is a detail of the construction employed be.- tween the lowerends of the members of thelowermost sets and may be regarded as a detailof what is enclosed within the circle 20 upon Fig. 4;

Fig. 21 is a view taken upon the line 21 21 .upon Fig. 20;

Fig. 22 is a detail of the construction employed within the circle 22upon Fig. 11;

Fig. 23 is a detail of the construction employed within the circle 23upon Fig. 11; and v Fig. 24 is a detail of the construction employedwithin the circle 24 upon Fig. 11.

Referring to the accompanying drawings wherein similar referencecharacters designate similar parts through out, and particularly toFigs. 4 and 5, the portion of the tent frame that may be utilized toform an archtype tent consists of two opposed sets of lower arcuatemembers, generally indicated at 10 and 11. These sets are substantialduplicates of each other and for this reason the detail description willbe largely directed to the Se 10. This set is shown as consisting ofarcuate members 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17. They are hingedly connectedtogether at their tops and bottoms such as by hinges 118 see Figs. 5 and12, and hinges 19, see Fig; 20. The hinges l8 and 19 are preferably, butnot necessarily, so arranged that their axes are parallel .to each otherso that the members may assume either an expanded position as shown inFig. 5 or a collapsed position in side-by side relationship. On theouter sides of some or all of these members of the lower setthere may behooks 20 adapted to be hooked beneath pivoted rings .or bails 21 thatare pivotally mounted, such as by fittings 22 upon mud sills 23 if theseare employed, see Fig. 21. In other instances mud sills may not beemployed and the lower ends of the lower sets of members and 11 arepermitted to rest directly on the ground or other supporting surface.

Above the lower sets 10 and 11 there are intermediate sets of arcuatemembers, generally indicated at 24 and 25. These sets likewise consistof hingedly connected arcuate members, the set 24 consisting of themembers 26, 27', 28, 29, 30, and 31. These members are intended to formcontinuations of the members of the lower set 10 and are hingedlyconnected together so that they may optionally assume a collapsed orcontracted position or an expanded position. The lower ends of themembers of the intermediate sets are hingedly connected to each othersuch as by hinges 32, see Fig. 12, and the upper ends of the members ofthe intermediate sets are connected together such as by hinges 33. Athird or topmost set of members is arranged on each side of the centerline of the frame, such sets being indicated generally at 34 and 35. Theset 34 is illustrated as being composed of arcuate members 36, 37, 38,39, 4t), and 41. These members are hingedly connected together at theirupper ends by hinges 42 and are hingedly connected together at theirlower ends, such as by hinges 43. These hinges enable the members of theuppermost sets to assume a collapsed position in side by siderelationship or an expanded position wherein the members of the set arein spaced relation to each other except adjacent their hingeconnections. The lower ends of the members of the intermediate sets 24and are detachably connected to the upper ends of the members of thelower sets 10 and 11, respectively, by a connection such as isillustrated in Fig. 12, wherein the upper ends of alternate members ofthe lower sets are equipped with vertically extending dovetailed slots44 that extend partially downward through these members and which aredesigned to receive headed pins 46. The headed pins 46 are disposed onthe lower ends of alternate members of the intermediate sets, therebeing two such headed pins arranged one above the other on each of thealternate members of the intermediate sets which are receivable oneabove the other through the open-topped dovetailed slots 44. Leaf springdetents 47 are located in the slots 44 engageable with the upper headedpins 46 to retain the pins in the slots but to permit their removaltherefrom when the springs are forcibly depressed. These springs, ofcourse, cannot resist upward movement of the pins 46 within the slots 44when a substantial upward force is applied to the pins 46 relatively tothe slots. Such upward movement, however, is effectively prevented byequipping intermediate members of the lower sets 10 and 11 with pins 48which extend into arcuate slots 49 that are formed in the lower ends ofintermediate members of the intermediate sets 24 and 25. In a similarmanner, the lower ends of alternate members of the intermediate sets areequipped with pins 50 which extend into arcuate slots 51 in alternatemembers of the lower sets. In assembling an intermediate set of memberswith a lower set of members the headed pins 46 are dropped or loweredinto the slots 44 while the members of the lower set and theintermediate set that are associated therewith are in a collapsedcondition. When the pins 46 havereached their seated positions in theslots 44, the members of the lower set and the intermediate set are thenopened or spread so that the pins 48 and 56 will enter their respectivearcuate slots. These pins will consequently lock the adjacent ends ofthe members of the lower and intermediate sets against relative verticaldisplacement until such time as his desired to take down or collapse theentire tent frame. At that time, the members of the lower set and theintermediate set may be partially collapsed or swung towards each otherto shift the pins 48 and 50 out of. their slots 49 and 51 and theheadedpins 46 maybe lifted out of the slots 44 and complete detachmenteffected.

The connections between the upper ends of the members of theintermediate sets and the lower ends of the members of the topmost setsare the same, as above described, and as illustrated in Figs. 12 and 13,so that the topmost sets of members are likewise detachably connected tothe upper ends of the intermediate set of members adjacent their hingedconnections to each other.

The upper ends of the topmost sets of members are mutually connected toeach other as is illustrated in Figs. 17 and 18. This connectionconsists merely of providing the upper ends of the topmost sets ofmembers with knuckles 52 and 53. These knuckles may be caused tointerfit with each other and to register with each other and aredesigned to receive a headed pin 54 that may be permanently attachedwith one of the upper sets of members, such as by a chain 55, to preventthe pin from becoming misplaced or lost.

By the construction above described, it will be appreciated that it ispossible to assemble the main elements of the tent frame 10 with 24, 11with 25, 24 with 34, and 25 with 35 while these elements are incollapsed position. This is accomplished by dropping pins 46 into slots44 while the elements are collapsed. After they have been mutuallyassembled with each other, as above outlined, these members may beexpanded and the upper ends of the topmost sets may be mutuallyconnected to each other by the application of the headed pins 54.

in association with the sets of members previously described there areend members, generally indicated at 56, 57, 53, and 5? The end membersare divided into sections, one point of division being indicated at 6%which is opposite the upper ends of the members of the lower sets. Atthis connection the sections of the end members are rebated and areoverlapped as indicated by the portions 61 and 62, see Fig. 15. Theportion 61 has a centering stud 63 mounted thereon which is receivablein an aperture 64 in the portion 62. This centering stud is flanked onboth sides with rotary pins 65 and 66 carrying eccen trically arrangeddiscs 67 and 63. These discs may be equipped with handles 69 by whichthey may be rotated. In the portion 62 there are openings 70 and '71which are so arranged as to permit the discs 67 and 63, respectively,together with their handles 6? to be passed therethrough when the discshave been rotated into positions in alignment therewith. After the discshave been passed through the openings 70 and 71 they may be turned intothe position shown at the left-hand side of Fig. 16. They will tend toremain in such position by gravity and thus lock the overlapped ends ofportions 61 and 62 together. This type of lock not only locks thesections of the end members against separating in tension but alsoserves to rigidly lock these sections against bending moments. Above thejoints at 64} the end members are also divided as at 72, a detail ofwhich is illustrated in Fig. 14. The sections 74 and 73 have the endmostmembers of the intermediate sets and topmost sets of arcuate membershingedly connected thereto, respectively, as by hinges 75 and 76 so thatthese portions or" the end members are permanently associated with theintermediate sets and topmost sets, respectively. The sections '73 and74 are locked together by equipping the ends of the sections withinterfitting knuckles through which a headed pin 77 is receivable. Thispin is preferably attached to a member such as by a chain 73 so that itcannot become lost or misplaced. The upper ends of the section 73 may bemutually connected together'by equipping them also with interfittingknuckles and a headed pin similar to the headed pin 77. The lowermostportions of the end members indicated at 7? are hingedly connected suchas by hinges 80 to the endmost members of the lower set so that theseportions of the end members are permanently associated with the lowerset.

It will be thus appreciated that the end members, in effect, operatesomewhat as tension and compression members betwegl the lower ends ofthe members of the lower sets and the upper ends of the members of theintermediate sets. Also, as the sections 73 on opposite sides of thearch are mutually connected they may function as tension and compressionmembers between the lower ends of the opposed topmost sets. Thesemembers therefore cooperate with the members of the various sets to forma rigid arch-type frame over which a canvas or fabric canopy 81 may bedrawn.

When it is desired to move the tent from place to place the canopy maybe removed, the various sets of members disconnected from each other andcollapsed into side by side relationship somewhat as is indicated indotted lines on Fig. 4. The various set of members in this condition canbe stored or conveniently transported from place to place, reassembled,and the canopy restored to its posi tion thereover.

The above described construction provides a tent frame having open endswhich may be merely closed by tent flaps arranged on the ends of thecanopy 81. However, if it is desired to equip the tent frame withhalf-dome shaped ends additional frame elements may be utilized such asare depicted in Figs. 8, 9, and 10. In these figures there areillustrated a set of lower elements 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, and90 arranged in three groups around a half circle, see Fig. 11. Theseelements are arcuately shaped and may or may not be provided at theirlower ends with hooks 91 similar to the hooks and used for the samepurpose. The lower ends of certain of these elements are hingedlyconnected together such as by hinges 92 similar to the hinges 19enabling the elements to be collapsed together into the position shownin Fig. 10 or expanded into the position shown in Fig. 9. The elementsthat are hingedly connected together at their lower ends are 84 and 85and 87 and 88. The intervening elements 83, 86, and 89 have detached orunconnected lower ends. Adjacent the upper ends of these elements thereare hinges, a detail of which is illustrated in Fig. 23, wherein members85, 86, and 87 are hingedly connected together such as by hinges 93 and94. In this manner, all of the members 82 to 90, inclusive, arepermanently associated with each other, and by reason of the hinges 92,93, and 94, they may assume either a collapsed or expanded position.

An upper set of members is also provided to complete the upper portionof the half-dome frame consisting of radial members 95, 96, and 97.Between the members 95' and 96 there is a collapsible brace 98 andbetween the members 96 and 97 there is a similar collapsible brace 99.These braces are centrally divided and are hingedly connected togethersuch as by hinges, see Fig. 22. These hinges are located on the outersides of the braces and on the inner sides thereof there are arrangedalignable knuckles through which a removable pin 101 is receivable tolock the braces in their expanded or extended position. The removablepin 101 is preferably permanently attached to its brace, such as bychain 102. On removal of the pin 181 the sections of the brace may foldrelatively to each other as indicated by the dotted lines on Fig. 22,and the braces consequently can be collapsed inwardly while the radialmembers 95, 96, and 97 are collapsing towards each other. The upper endsof the radial members 95, 96, and 97 are hingedly connected to eachother such as by hinges 103 and 104. At the lower ends of the radialmembers 95, 96, and 97 there are headed pins 105 similar in arrangementand construction to the headed pins 46. These are receivable indovetailed slots 106 similar in formation to the slots .44. The headedpins are releasably retained in these slots as by leaf spring detents107 similar to the detent 47.

From the lower ends of the radial members 95 and 97 there extendhalf-brace sections 108 and 109. These are hingedly connected to thelower ends of these radial members and have at their outer ends knuckleson the inner sides and outer sides thereof through which removable pinssimilar to the pins 101 are receivable. Completachably connected to eachother.

' the topmost sets to each other.

mental-y knuckles indicated at 110 and 111 are provided on the outersides of the end members 56, 57, 58, and 59 to which these knuckles maybe detachably connected somewhat as illustrated in Fig. 8. In thealternative the knuckles on the ends of the brace sections 108 and 109may be detachably connected to complementary knuckles on the bracesections of an opposed half-dome tent frame as is illustrated at 112 and113 on Fig. 11 to form a dome-shaped tent frame. The lower ends of themembers 82 and 90 are similarly equipped with knuckles 114 and 115which, by means of a removable hinge pin, can be either detachablyconnected to corresponding knuckles at the lower ends of the end members56, 57, 58, and 59 or to knuckles on the opposed lower ends of membersof an opposed half-dome tent frame, as shown in Fig. 11.

When two half-dome tent frames are assembled together with the arch-typetent frame, as illustrated in Fig. 3, a relatively large canopy 116 maythen be thrown thereover. In the alternative, if two half-dome tentframes are assembled together without an intervening arch-type tentframe, as illustrated in Fig. 2, a dome-shaped canopy or cover 117 maybe thrown thereover.

At the tops of the radial members 95, 96, and 97 there are knuckles 118and 119 in which detachable hinge pins 120 are receivable. Complementaryknuckles are provided on the upper ends of the radial members of theopposed half-dome tent frame as indicated at 121 and 122, enabling thetops of the half-dome tent frames to be de- The end members 56, 57, 5.8,and 59 are also equipped adjacent their tops with knuckles correspondingto the knuckles 121 and 122 to enable the half-dome tent frame to bedetachably connected thereto at this point.

From the above-described construction it will be appreciated that theimproved tent frame is so designed and so constructed that parts thereofare permanently associated together so that they cannot become lost ormisplaced. 'These subassemblies may be collapsed together into a flatcondition for storage and transportation purposes and may be readily setup at the location where the tent is to be erected. The construction isquite versatile in that either an arch-type tent frame may be erected oran arch-type frame having half-dome ends may be erected or a dome-shapedtent frame can be erected as desired.

Various changes may be made in the details of construction withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

I claim:

1. A collapsible tent frame comprising opposed sets of lower,intermediate, and topmost members, means hingedly connecting the membersof each set together so that the members of each set may assumepositions in side by side relationship or expanded positions in spacedrelation except adjacent their hinged connections to each other, meansdetachably connecting the lower hinge connections of the members of theintermediate sets to the upper hinge connections between the members oftheir respective lower sets, means detachably connecting the lower hingeconnections between the members of the topmost sets to the upper hingeconnections of their respective intermediate sets, and means detachablyconnecting the upper hinge connections between the members of 2. Acollapsible tent frame comprising opposed sets of lower, intermediate,and topmost members, means hingedly connecting the members of each settogether so that the members of each set may assume positions in side byside relationship or expanded positions in spaced relation exceptadjacent their hinged connections to each other, means detachablyconnecting the lower hinge connections of the members of theintermediate sets to the upper hinge connections between the members oftheir respective lower sets, means detachably connecting the lower hingeconnections between the members of the topmost sets to the upper hingeconnections of their respective intermediate sets, means detachablyconnecting the upper hinge connections between the members of thetopmost sets to each other, and end members connecting the lower ends ofthe endmost members of the lower sets to the connected ends between theendmost members of the intermediate and topmost sets.

3. A collapsible tent frame comprising opposed sets of lower,intermediate, and topmost members, means hingedly connecting the membersof each set together so that the members of each set may assumepositions in side by side relationship or expanded positions in spacedrelation except adjacent their hinged connections to each other, meansdetachably connecting the lower hinge connections of the members of theintermediate sets to the upper hinge connections between the members oftheir respective lower sets, means detachably connecting the lower hingeconnections between the members of the topmost sets to the upper hingeconnections of their respective intermediate sets, means detachablyconnecting the upper hinge connections between the members of thetopmost sets to each other, and end members connecting the lower ends ofthe endmost members of the lower sets to the connected ends between theendmost members of the intermediate and topmost sets, said end membersbeing divided opposite the connections between the lowermost andintermediate sets and being detachably secured together.

4.A collapsible tent frame comprising opposed sets of lower,intermediate, and topmost members, means hingedly connecting the membersof each set together so that the members of each set may assumepositions in side by side relationship or expanded positions in spacedrelation except adjacent their hinged connections to each other, meansdetachably connecting the lower hinge connections of the members of theintermediate sets to the upper hinge connections between the members oftheir re spective lower sets, means detachably connecting the lowerhinge connections between the members of the topmost sets to the upperhinge connections of their respective in termediate sets, meansdetachably connecting the upper hinge connections between the members ofthe topmost sets to each other, end members connecting the lower ends ofthe endmost members of the lower sets to the connected ends between theendmost members of the intermediate and topmost sets, and connecting theendmost connections between the intermediate and topmost sets to eachother.

5. A collapsible tent frame comprising two half-dome type tent frames,each of said tent frames being collapsible, means detachably connectingthe half-dome tent frames to each other so as to form a dome-type tentframe, each of said half-dome type tent frames comprising a lower set ofarcuate members hingedly connected together so as to be capable ofassuming positions in side by side relationship or spaced positions, andan upper set of arcuate members hingedly connected together to assumecollapsed positions in side by side relationship or spaced positionswith respect to each other, and means for detachably connecting thelower ends of the members of the upper set to the upper ends of themembers of the lower set.

6. A collapsible tent frame comprising two half-dome type tent frames,each of said tent frames being collapsible, means detachably connectingthe half-dome tent frames to each other so as to form a dome-type tentframe, each of said half-dome type tent frames comprising a lower set ofarcuate members hingedly connected together so as to be capable ofassuming positions in side by side relationship or spaced positions, anupper set of arcuate members hingedly connected together to assumecollapsed positions in side by side relationship or spaced positionswith respect to each other, means for detachably connecting the lowerends of the members of the upper set to the upper ends of the members 8of the lower set, and collapsible braces connecting the lower ends ofthe members of the upper set.

7. A collapsible tent frame comprising a lower series of elongatedarcuate members hingedly connected to each other so that they may becollapsed together in side-byside relationship or expanded into spacedpositions wherein they are contiguous only adjacent their hingedconnections to each other, and an upper set of elongated arcuate membershingedly connected to each other for collapsing movement intoside-by-side relationship or expandingmovement into positions spacedfrom each other except adjacent their hinged connections, said upper setof members having headed pins on the lower ends thereof, and certain ofsaid lower members having slots in the upper ends thereof to slidinglyreceive the headed pins.

8. A collapsible tent frame comprising a lower series of elongatedarcuate members hingedly connected to each other so that they may becollapsed together in side-byside relationship or expanded into spacedpositions wherein they are contiguous only adjacent their hingedconnections to each other, an upper set of elongated arcuate membershingedly connected to each other for collapsing movement intoside-by-side relationship or expanding movement into positions spacedfrom each other except adjacent their hinged connections, said upper setof members having headed pins on the lower ends thereof, and certain ofsaid lower members having slots in the upper ends thereof to slidinglyreceive the headed pins, and a spring detent in the slots of the lowermembers to biasingly retain the headed pins of said upper memberstherewithin.

9. A collapsible tent frame comprising two half-dome type tent frames,each of said tent frames being collapsible, interconnecting hingestructure for detachably connecting the half-dome tent frames to eachother so as to form a dome type tent frame, each of said half-dome typetent frames comprising a lower set of elongated arcuate members hingedlyconnected together so as to be capable of assuming positions inside-by-side relationship or spaced positions, and an upper set ofelongated arcuate members hingedly connected together to assumecollapsed positions in side-by-side relationship or spaced positionswith respect to each other, said upper set of members having headed pinsin the lower ends thereof, and certain of said lower members havingslots in the upper ends thereof to slidingly receive the headed pins.

10. A collapsible tent frame comprising two half-dome type tent frames,each of said tent frames being collapsible, interconnecting hingestructure for detachably connecting the half-dome tent frames to eachother so as to form a dome type tent frame, each of said half-dome typetent frames comprising a lower set of elongated arcuate members hingedlyconnected together so as to be capable of assuming positions inside-by-side relationship or spaced positions, an upper set of elongatedarcuate members hingedly connected together to assume collapsedpositions in side-by-side relationship or spaced positions with respectto each other, said upper set of members having headed pins in the lowerends thereof, and certain of said lower members having slots in theupper ends thereof to slidingly receive the headed pins, and a springdetent in the slots of the lower members to biasingly retain the headedpins of said upper members therewithin.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 39,721Cross Sept. 1, 1863 1,437,219 Berthon Nov. 28, 1922 1,572,790 GrigsbyFeb. 9, 1926 1,853,367 Mace Apr. 12, 1932 2,225,972 Brogren Dec. 24,1940 2,627,865 Mitchell et al. Feb. 10, 1953

